An elbow dislocation occurs when the bones that form the joint are forced out of alignment. This typically happens when the lower arm bones, the radius and ulna, move out of place relative to the upper arm bone, the humerus. Because the elbow is a very stable joint, a dislocation usually requires significant force and is considered a medical emergency.
A dislocated elbow is usually obvious due to the visible change in the shape of the arm.
Obvious Deformity: The joint appears twisted or out of place, and the arm may look shorter or longer than the other side.
Intense Pain: Immediate and severe pain that makes any movement of the arm impossible.
Significant Swelling: Rapid buildup of fluid and bruising around the entire elbow area.
Loss of Pulse or Sensation: If the displaced bones compress blood vessels or nerves, the hand may feel cold, turn pale, or become numb.
Instability: A feeling that the joint is completely loose or disconnected.
Immediate medical evaluation is necessary to ensure that blood flow and nerve function are intact before the joint is moved.
Neurovascular Assessment: A doctor checks the pulse at the wrist and the ability to move the fingers to rule out nerve or artery damage.
X-rays: Taken from multiple angles to confirm the direction of the dislocation and to check for associated fractures, which occur in many cases. X-rays will be taken before the elbow is placed back into proper alignment (reduced) as well as after reduction to confirm alignment is adequate.
MRI may be used to assess status of the ligaments
Once the joint is relocated, the focus shifts to protecting the healing ligaments.
Simple Dislocation: A brief period of splinting (usually less than 2 weeks) followed by early motion exercises. Most simple dislocations heal well with physical therapy, though some permanent loss of full extension is common. The primary goal of rehabilitation is to regain strength and flexibility while avoiding a stiff joint.
Complex (with Fractures): Surgery to repair broken bones and torn ligaments to prevent chronic instability.
Chronic Instability: Use of a hinged elbow brace to control the range of motion during physical therapy.